Sperm may be underdeveloped, abnormally shaped or unable to move properly. Normal sperm may be produced, but in very low numbers (oligospermia), or may appear to be absent (azoospermia). With advanced semen analysis techniques, the Laboratory can identify such abnormalities. The Laboratory uses the criteria of "strict morphology," which is a method of more closely evaluating sperm and having a stricter determination for what should be considered normal than in the past. Other advanced diagnostic measures include:

• Testing for antisperm antibodies, a condition in which a man's immunologic response to his own sperm interferes with their normal movement and function.
• Testing for the absence of fructose in the semen. Fructose is a sugar-like substance, and its absence may indicate an obstruction or other physical abnormality.
• Testing for white blood cells to differentiate them from immature sperm may help to identify possible infection.

These laboratory tests, together other appropriate procedures, will help your physician to determine the right treatment for you. The important thing to remember is that rapid advances in research, diagnosis and treatment have made it possible for the majority of couples with infertility problems to conceive a child.